STANDARD LINGUISTICS
Linguistics have always been a big hurdle for the students of English. The unavailability of the text books and if available; that is so expensive.
We are here providing you free of cost books on Linguistics that will help you out to pass your exams and grab some true phonological skills.
We have currently 2 textbooks available in the PDF format that is used as a standard textbook of “Linguistics” all over the universities of Pakistan and abroad.
We are here providing you free of cost books on Linguistics that will help you out to pass your exams and grab some true phonological skills.
We have currently 2 textbooks available in the PDF format that is used as a standard textbook of “Linguistics” all over the universities of Pakistan and abroad.
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY with PUNJABI PHONEMIC INVENTORY
Moreover, It has been observed that contemporary papers are always found having punjabi language being interpret phonologically. For that a simplified and concise handout is here. That will help you out to prepare the “Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi”.
Abstracts and Screenshots of the books mentioned above :
Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi
ABSTRACT
Punjabi belongs to Indo-Aryan family. In this paper its phonemic inventory is discussed. Dialect spoken in Lahore region is considered. Documented inventories were considered as basis of the analysis and then further experiments are conducted for investigation of status of the phonemes particular to the dialect.
1. INTRODUCTION
Punjabi is an intercontinental language. Its speakers are spread all over the world. The natives of the Punjab region of India and Pakistan speak this language. Punjabi is a member of the Indo-Aryan language family (See Appendix A) [6]. Punjabi in India is more open to Sanskrit and traditional sources whereas Punjabi in Pakistan is influenced by Perso-Arabic Sources [7]. Punjabi language has a number of regional dialects that are spoken in both India as well as in Pakistan. The main dialects of Punjabi in India are Majhi, Doabi, Malwai and Puwadhi. The regional dialects like Pothohari, Lehandi & Multani are spoken in Pakistan [7]. The dialects of different areas have been observed to have distinct differences in their phonemic inventories. In India the Punjabi is written in Gurmukhi script as far as in Pakistan it is written in Perso-Arabic Script. Gurmukhi is considered more suitable script for writing Punjabi as it was devised to write Punjabi by a Sikh Guru Angad [13].......
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Phonetics and Phonology
1. Introduction.
Whereas syntax is about sentence formation, and semantics about sentence
interpretation, phonetics and phonology cover the field of sentence utterance.
Phonetics is concerned with how sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived (we
will only look at the production of sounds). Phonology is concerned with how sounds
function in relation to each other in a language. In other words, phonetics is about sounds of
language, phonology about sound systems of language. Phonetics is a descriptive tool
necessary to the study of the phonological aspects of a language.
Phonetics and phonology are worth studying for several reasons. One is that as all
study of language, the study of phonology gives us insight into how the human mind works.
Two more reasons are that the study of the phonetics of a foreign language gives us a much
better ability both to hear and to correct mistakes that we make, and also to teach
pronunciation of the foreign language (in this case English) to others.
As phonetics and phonology both deal with sounds, and as English spelling and
English pronunciation are two very different things, it is important that you keep in mind that
we are not interested in letters here, but in sounds. For instance, English has not 5 or 6 but 20
different vowels, even if these vowels are all written by different combinations of 6 different
letters, "a, e, i, o, u, y". The orthographic spelling of a word will be given in italics, e.g.
please, and the phonetic transcription between square brackets [pli:z]. Thus the word please
consists of three consonants, [p,l,z], and one vowel, [i:]. And sounds considered from the
phonological point of view are put between slashes........
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An introduction to Linguistics and Language
Introduction :
“History is universal and basic,” a history professor said during a faculty
meeting, “It’s about every event that involves all people at all times and
in all places.” “Yes,” observed his colleague from linguistics, “but how
would you record and interpret that history without language?” Indeed,
it is hard to imagine how there could even be history without language,
without a means to pass a record of what has happened from one generation to the next through retold stories and sagas, even before written
records. Much of the history (and prehistory) of the human species consists of the development and adaptation of various tools to meet a broad
range of needs: think of the wheel, the domestication of animals, the
steam engine, computers and the internet. The development and refinement of these and all other tools could not have been accomplished without language.
The human capacity for self-awareness and abstract thought is facilitated by language, if not dependent upon it. The ability to transfer complex
information, to discuss the meaning of events and possible outcomes of
alternative actions, to share feelings and ideas – all these are impossible
without language. The origins of language are shrouded in obscurity, but
archaeological records suggest that communication with language
emerged about 200,000 years ago. The ability for an individual to model
the world for him/herself and to communicate using language was probably the single most advantageous evolutionary adaptation of the human
species........
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The Study of Language
The Study of Language
This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the
study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information
in short, bite-sized sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how
children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key
elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new
sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text
messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student
engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty
involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study
guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively
and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the
study of language......
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